pandas数据处理
笔记
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pandas数据处理

学习和大熊猫们(Pandas)一起游戏吧！的笔记。

为什么是pandas

普通的一个程序员看到一份数据会这么做：

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import codecs
import requests
import numpy as np
import scipy as sp
import pandas as pd
import datetime
import json

# 下载鸢尾花数据集为txt文档
r = requests.get('http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data')
with codecs.open('S1EP3_Iris.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write(r.text)

# 读取和打印
with codecs.open('S1EP3_Iris.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    lines = f.readlines()

for line in lines:
    print(line)

而pandas的意义就在于快速的识别结构话数据，如果使用pandas读取数据：

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irisdata = pd.read_csv('S1EP3_Iris.txt', header = None, encoding = 'utf-8')
irisdata.head()

# 结果
Out[45]:
     0    1    2    3            4
0  5.1  3.5  1.4  0.2  Iris-setosa
1  4.9  3.0  1.4  0.2  Iris-setosa
2  4.7  3.2  1.3  0.2  Iris-setosa
3  4.6  3.1  1.5  0.2  Iris-setosa
4  5.0  3.6  1.4  0.2  Iris-setosa

还可以快速的操作元数据

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# 例如：列名
irisdata.columns = ['sepal_length', 'sepal_width', 'petal_length', 'petal_width', 'class']
irisdata.head()

快速过滤

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# 例如，选择数据集中petal_width列中取值最大的行
irisdata[irisdata['petal_width'] == irisdata.petal_width.max()]

# 结果
Out[46]:
     sepal_length  sepal_width  petal_length  petal_width           class
100           6.3          3.3           6.0          2.5  Iris-virginica
109           7.2          3.6           6.1          2.5  Iris-virginica
144           6.7          3.3           5.7          2.5  Iris-virginica

切片

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# 例如，对于行，每隔30取一行，列取前两列
irisdata.iloc[::30, :2]

# 结果
Out[47]:
     sepal_length  sepal_width
0             5.1          3.5
30            4.8          3.1
60            5.0          2.0
90            5.5          2.6
120           6.9          3.2

快速统计

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# 统计鸢尾花的各个类别的个数
print(irisdata['class'].value_counts())

# 结果
Iris-virginica     50
Iris-versicolor    50
Iris-setosa        50
Name: class, dtype: int64

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for x in range(0, 4):
	s = irisdata.iloc[:, x]
	print('{0:<12}'.format(s.name.upper()), " Statistics: ", '{0:>5} {1:>5} {2:>5} {3:>5}'.format(s.max(), s.min(), round(s.mean(), 2), round(s.std(), 2)))

# 结果
  SEPAL_LENGTH  Statistics:    7.9   4.3  5.84  0.83
  SEPAL_WIDTH   Statistics:    4.4   2.0  3.05  0.43
  PETAL_LENGTH  Statistics:    6.9   1.0  3.76  1.76
  PETAL_WIDTH   Statistics:    2.5   0.1   1.2  0.76

快速MapReduce(这部分展示还不明白)

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slogs = lambda x:sp.log(x)*x
entpy = lambda x:sp.exp((slogs(x.sum()) - x.map(slogs).sum())/x.sum())
irisdata.groupby('class').agg(entpy)

# 结果
sepal_length  sepal_width  petal_length  petal_width
class                                                                
Iris-setosa         49.878745    49.695242     49.654909    45.810069
Iris-versicolor     49.815081    49.680665     49.694505    49.452305
Iris-virginica      49.772059    49.714500     49.761700    49.545918

欢迎来到大熊猫的世界

pandas的重要数据类型

  • DataFrame
  • Series
  • index（行索引）

Series

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np.random.randn(4)
Out[52]: array([-0.27891329, -0.57633302, -1.10535522,  0.05993792])

Series1 = pd.Series(np.random.randn(4))
print(Series1, type(Series1))
0   -0.846342
1    0.173527
2   -0.327411
3   -0.323218
dtype: float64 <class 'pandas.core.series.Series'>

print(Series1.index)
RangeIndex(start=0, stop=4, step=1)

print(Series1.values)
[-0.84634196  0.17352745 -0.32741142 -0.32321775]

Series支持过滤的原理就如同Numpy:

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print(Series1 > 0)
0    False
1     True
2    False
3    False
dtype: bool

print(Series1[Series1 > 0])
1    0.173527
dtype: float64

当然也支持Broadcasting:

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# 序列中的每个元素分别作运算
print(Series1 * 2)
0   -1.692684
1    0.347055
2   -0.654823
3   -0.646435
dtype: float64

print(Series1 + 5)
0    4.153658
1    5.173527
2    4.672589
3    4.676782
dtype: float64

以及Universal Function

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print(np.exp(Series1))
0    0.428981
1    1.189493
2    0.720787
3    0.723816
dtype: float64

f_np = np.frompyfunc(lambda x:np.exp(x*2 + 5), 1, 1)

print(f_np(Series1))
0    27.3117
1    209.989
2    77.1057
3    77.7551
dtype: object

# lambda表达式
f = lambda x:pow(x,2)
f(2)
Out[67]: 4

在序列上使用行标，而不是创建一个2列的数据表，能够轻松辨别哪里是数据，哪里是元数据

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Series2 = pd.Series(Series1.values, index = ['norm_'+str(i) for i in range(0, 4)])
print(Series2, type(Series2))
norm_0   -0.846342
norm_1    0.173527
norm_2   -0.327411
norm_3   -0.323218
dtype: float64 <class 'pandas.core.series.Series'>

print(Series2.index)
Index(['norm_0', 'norm_1', 'norm_2', 'norm_3'], dtype='object')

print(Series2.values)
[-0.84634196  0.17352745 -0.32741142 -0.32321775]

print(type(Series2.index))
<class 'pandas.core.indexes.base.Index'>

虽然行是有顺序的，但是仍然可以通过行级index访问到数据:

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print(Series2[['norm_0', 'norm_3']])
norm_0   -0.846342
norm_3   -0.323218
dtype: float64

下面的语句可以用来判断该序列中是否有该索引

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print('norm_0' in Series2)
True

print('norm_6' in Series2)
False

默认索引就像行号一样

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print(Series1.index)
RangeIndex(start=0, stop=4, step=1)

从key不重复的Ordered Dict或者从Dict来定义Series不用担心行索引重复:

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Series3_dict = {"Japan": "Tokyo", "S.Korea": "Seoul", "China": "Beijing"}
Series3_pdSeries = pd.Series(Series3_dict)
print(Series3_pdSeries)
China      Beijing
Japan        Tokyo
S.Korea      Seoul
dtype: object

print(Series3_pdSeries.index)
Index(['China', 'Japan', 'S.Korea'], dtype='object')

print(Series3_pdSeries.values)
['Beijing' 'Tokyo' 'Seoul']

想让序列按照你的排序方式保存？就算有缺失值也没有问题:

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Series4_IndexList = ["Japan", "China", "Singapoer", "S.Korea"]
Series4_pdSeries = pd.Series(Series3_dict, index = Series4_IndexList)
print(Series4_pdSeries)
Japan          Tokyo
China        Beijing
Singapoer        NaN
S.Korea        Seoul
dtype: object

print(Series4_pdSeries.values)
['Tokyo' 'Beijing' nan 'Seoul']

print(Series4_pdSeries.isnull())
Japan        False
China        False
Singapoer     True
S.Korea      False
dtype: bool

print(Series4_pdSeries.index)
Index(['Japan', 'China', 'Singapoer', 'S.Korea'], dtype='object')

print(Series4_pdSeries.notnull())
Japan         True
China         True
Singapoer    False
S.Korea       True
dtype: bool

整个序列级别的元数据信息：name

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# 当数据序列和index本身有了名字，就可以更加方便的进行后续的数据关联了！
print(Series4_pdSeries.name)
None

print(Series4_pdSeries.index.name)
None

Series4_pdSeries.name = "Capital Series"
Series4_pdSeries.index.name = "Nation"
print(Series4_pdSeries)
Nation
Japan          Tokyo
China        Beijing
Singapoer        NaN
S.Korea        Seoul
Name: Capital Series, dtype: object

行索引也可以重复，不过并不推荐

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Series5_IndexList = ['A', 'B', 'B', 'C']
Series5 = pd.Series(Series1.values, index = Series5_IndexList)
print(Series5)
A   -0.846342
B    0.173527
B   -0.327411
C   -0.323218
dtype: float64

print(Series5[['B', 'A']])
B    0.173527
B   -0.327411
A   -0.846342
dtype: float64

DataFrame

从numpy二维数组、从文件或从数据库定义：数据虽好，勿忘列名:

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dn = np.asarray([('Japan', 'Tokyo', 4000), ('S.Korea', 'Seoul', 1200), ('China', 'Beijing', 910)])
df1 = pd.DataFrame(dn, columns = ['nation', 'capital', 'gdp'])
df1
Out[101]:
    nation  capital   gdp
0    Japan    Tokyo  4000
1  S.Korea    Seoul  1200
2    China  Beijing   910

等长的列数据保存在一个字典里（json）：很不幸，字典key是无序的

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dd = {'nation':['Japan', 'S.Korea', 'China'], 'capital':['Tokyo', 'Seoul', 'Beijing'], 'gdp':[4900, 1300, 9100]}
df2 = pd.DataFrame(dd)
df2
Out[104]:
   capital   gdp   nation
0    Tokyo  4900    Japan
1    Seoul  1300  S.Korea
2  Beijing  9100    China

从另外一个数据框定义数据框

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df21 = pd.DataFrame(df1, columns = ['nation', 'capital', 'gdp'])
df21
Out[106]:
    nation  capital   gdp
0    Japan    Tokyo  4000
1  S.Korea    Seoul  1200
2    China  Beijing   910

df22 = pd.DataFrame(df2, columns = ['nation', 'capital', 'gdp'], index = [2, 0, 1])
df22
Out[108]:
    nation  capital   gdp
2    China  Beijing  9100
0    Japan    Tokyo  4900
1  S.Korea    Seoul  1300

从DataFrame中取出列？两种方法（与JavaScript完全一致）

  • ‘.’的写法容易与其他预留关键字产生冲突
  • ‘[]’的方法最安全
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    print(df22.nation, df22.capital)
    2      China
    0      Japan
    1    S.Korea
    Name: nation, dtype: object 2    Beijing
    0      Tokyo
    1      Seoul
    Name: capital, dtype: object
    print(df22['gdp'])
    2    9100
    0    4900
    1    1300
    Name: gdp, dtype: int64

从DataFrame中取出行:

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print(df22)
    nation  capital   gdp
2    China  Beijing  9100
0    Japan    Tokyo  4900
1  S.Korea    Seoul  1300

print(df22[0:1])
  nation  capital   gdp
2  China  Beijing  9100

# 取第一行
print(df22.iloc[0])
nation       China
capital    Beijing
gdp           9100
Name: 2, dtype: object

# 取索引为0的
print(df22.loc[0])
nation     Japan
capital    Tokyo
gdp         4900
Name: 0, dtype: object

像NumPy切片一样的终极招式

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# 取第一行
print(df22.iloc[0, :])
nation       China
capital    Beijing
gdp           9100
Name: 2, dtype: object

# 取第一列
print(df22.iloc[:, 0])
2      China
0      Japan
1    S.Korea
Name: nation, dtype: object

动态增加列

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df22['population'] = [1600, 130, 55]
df22
Out[123]:
    nation  capital   gdp  population
2    China  Beijing  9100        1600
0    Japan    Tokyo  4900         130
1  S.Korea    Seoul  1300          55

index

直接定义索引，就像Series一样

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index_names = ['a', 'b', 'c']
Series_for_index = pd.Series(index_names)
print(pd.Index(index_names))
Index(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype='object')

print(pd.Index(Series_for_index))
Index(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype='object')

index0 = pd.Index(index_names)
print(index0.get_values())
['a' 'b' 'c']
# 下面这个会出错，记住index是Immutable的！
# index0[2] = 'd'

多重Index

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multi1 = pd.Index([('Row_' + str(x+1), 'Col_' + str(y+1)) for x in range(0, 4) for y in range(0, 4)])
multi1.name = ['index1', 'index2']
print(multi1)
MultiIndex(levels=[['Row_1', 'Row_2', 'Row_3', 'Row_4'], ['Col_1', 'Col_2', 'Col_3', 'Col_4']],
           labels=[[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3], [0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3]])

对于一个Series，如果拥有了多重Index，就可以很容易的变形:

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data_for_multi = pd.Series(range(0, 16), index = multi1)
data_for_multi
Out[137]:
Row_1  Col_1     0
       Col_2     1
       Col_3     2
       Col_4     3
Row_2  Col_1     4
       Col_2     5
       Col_3     6
       Col_4     7
Row_3  Col_1     8
       Col_2     9
       Col_3    10
       Col_4    11
Row_4  Col_1    12
       Col_2    13
       Col_3    14
       Col_4    15
dtype: int64
data_for_multi.unstack()
Out[138]:
       Col_1  Col_2  Col_3  Col_4
Row_1      0      1      2      3
Row_2      4      5      6      7
Row_3      8      9     10     11
Row_4     12     13     14     15
data_for_multi.unstack().stack()
Out[139]:
Row_1  Col_1     0
       Col_2     1
       Col_3     2
       Col_4     3
Row_2  Col_1     4
       Col_2     5
       Col_3     6
       Col_4     7
Row_3  Col_1     8
       Col_2     9
       Col_3    10
       Col_4    11
Row_4  Col_1    12
       Col_2    13
       Col_3    14
       Col_4    15
dtype: int64

下面再看一下非平衡数据的例子，即Row_1,2,3,4和Col_1,2,3,4并不是完全组合的。

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multi2 = pd.Index([('Row_' + str(x + 1), 'Col_' + str(y + 1)) for x in range(0, 5) for y in range(0, x)])
multi2
Out[143]:
MultiIndex(levels=[['Row_2', 'Row_3', 'Row_4', 'Row_5'], ['Col_1', 'Col_2', 'Col_3', 'Col_4']],
           labels=[[0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3], [0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 3]])
data_for_multi2 = pd.Series(np.arange(10), index = multi2)
data_for_multi2
Out[145]:
Row_2  Col_1    0
Row_3  Col_1    1
       Col_2    2
Row_4  Col_1    3
       Col_2    4
       Col_3    5
Row_5  Col_1    6
       Col_2    7
       Col_3    8
       Col_4    9
dtype: int64
data_for_multi2.unstack()
Out[146]:
       Col_1  Col_2  Col_3  Col_4
Row_2    0.0    NaN    NaN    NaN
Row_3    1.0    2.0    NaN    NaN
Row_4    3.0    4.0    5.0    NaN
Row_5    6.0    7.0    8.0    9.0

DateTime标准库

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dates = [datetime.datetime(2015, 1, 1), datetime.datetime(2015, 1, 8), datetime.datetime(2015, 1, 30)]
pd.DatetimeIndex(dates)
Out[151]: DatetimeIndex(['2015-01-01', '2015-01-08', '2015-01-30'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)

如果你不仅需要时间格式一致，时间频率也要一致的话：

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periodindex1 = pd.period_range('2015-01', '2015-04', freq = 'M')
print(periodindex1)
PeriodIndex(['2015-01', '2015-02', '2015-03', '2015-04'], dtype='period[M]', freq='M')

月级精度和日级精度的转换

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# 使用每个月的第一天
print(periodindex1.asfreq('D', how='start'))
PeriodIndex(['2015-01-01', '2015-02-01', '2015-03-01', '2015-04-01'], dtype='period[D]', freq='D')
# 使用每个月的最后一天
print(periodindex1.asfreq('D', how='end'))
PeriodIndex(['2015-01-31', '2015-02-28', '2015-03-31', '2015-04-30'], dtype='period[D]', freq='D')
periodindex_mon = pd.period_range('2018-01', '2018-09', freq = 'M').asfreq('D', how='start')
periodindex_day = pd.period_range('2018-07-01', '2018-09-01', freq = 'D')
print(periodindex_mon)
PeriodIndex(['2018-01-01', '2018-02-01', '2018-03-01', '2018-04-01',
             '2018-05-01', '2018-06-01', '2018-07-01', '2018-08-01',
             '2018-09-01'],
            dtype='period[D]', freq='D')
print(periodindex_day)
PeriodIndex(['2018-07-01', '2018-07-02', '2018-07-03', '2018-07-04',
             '2018-07-05', '2018-07-06', '2018-07-07', '2018-07-08',
             ...
             '2018-08-26', '2018-08-27', '2018-08-28', '2018-08-29',
             '2018-08-30', '2018-08-31', '2018-09-01'],
            dtype='period[D]', freq='D')

粗粒度数据 + reindex + ffill/bfill

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pd.Series(periodindex_mon, index = periodindex_mon).reindex(periodindex_day, method = 'ffill')
Out[165]:
2018-07-01   2018-07-01
2018-07-02   2018-07-01
2018-07-03   2018-07-01
                ...    
2018-08-30   2018-08-01
2018-08-31   2018-08-01
2018-09-01   2018-09-01
Freq: D, Length: 63, dtype: object

关于索引的方便操作

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index1 = pd.Index(['A', 'B', 'B', 'C', 'C'])
index2 = pd.Index(['C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'F'])
index3 = pd.Index(['B', 'C', 'A'])
print(index1.append(index2))
Index(['A', 'B', 'B', 'C', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'F'], dtype='object')

print(index1.difference(index2))
Index(['A', 'B'], dtype='object')

print(index1.intersection(index2))
Index(['C', 'C'], dtype='object')

print(index1.union(index2))
Index(['A', 'B', 'B', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'F'], dtype='object')

print(index1.isin(index2))
[False False False  True  True]

print(index1.delete(2))
Index(['A', 'B', 'C', 'C'], dtype='object')

print(index1.insert(0, 'K'))
Index(['K', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'C', 'C'], dtype='object')

print(index3.drop('A'))
Index(['B', 'C'], dtype='object')

print(index1.is_monotonic, index2.is_monotonic, index3.is_monotonic)
True True False

print(index1.is_unique, index2.is_unique, index3.is_unique)
False False True

pandas的I/O

结构化数据输出

csv

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print(irisdata.columns)
Index(['sepal_length', 'sepal_width', 'petal_length', 'petal_width', 'class'], dtype='object')
irisdata = pd.read_csv('S1EP3_Iris.txt', header = None, names = irisdata.columns, encoding = 'utf-8')
irisdata.head()
Out[181]:
   sepal_length  sepal_width  petal_length  petal_width        class
0           5.1          3.5           1.4          0.2  Iris-setosa
1           4.9          3.0           1.4          0.2  Iris-setosa
2           4.7          3.2           1.3          0.2  Iris-setosa
3           4.6          3.1           1.5          0.2  Iris-setosa
4           5.0          3.6           1.4          0.2  Iris-setosa

read_csv()的一些常用参数

  • header: 表示数据中是否有列名，如果在第0行就写0，没有就写None
  • names: 指定列名
  • encoding: 指定编码
  • skiprows: 跳过一定的行数
  • nrows: 仅读取一定的行数
  • skipfooter: 尾部有固定的行数永远不读取
  • skip_blank_lines: 跳过空行
  • sep/delimiter: 指定分割符
  • na_values: 指定应该被作为Na的数值
  • thousands: 处理数值类型时，每千位分分隔符并不统一，此时要把字符串转化为数字需要指明千位分隔符
  • index_col: 将真实的某列（列的数目甚至列名）作为index
  • squeeze: 仅读到一列时，不再保存为pandas.DataFrame或pandas.Series

Excel

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irisdata.to_excel('S1EP3_Iris.xls', index = None, encoding = 'utf-8')
irisdata_from_excel = pd.read_excel('S1EP3_Iris.xls', header = 0, encoding = 'utf-8')
irisdata_from_excel.head()
Out[184]:
   sepal_length  sepal_width  petal_length  petal_width        class
0           5.1          3.5           1.4          0.2  Iris-setosa
1           4.9          3.0           1.4          0.2  Iris-setosa
2           4.7          3.2           1.3          0.2  Iris-setosa
3           4.6          3.1           1.5          0.2  Iris-setosa
4           5.0          3.6           1.4          0.2  Iris-setosa

唯一重要的参数是sheetname = k，指定excel文件的第k个sheet页将会被取出。（从0开始的）

半结构化的数据

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json_data = [ \
    {'name': 'Wang', 'sal': 50000, 'job': 'VP', }, \
    {'name': 'Zhang', 'sal': 150000, 'job': 'VP', }, \
    {'name': 'Li', 'sal': 20000, 'job': 'IT', }]
data_employ = pd.read_json(json.dumps(json_data))
data_employ_ri = data_employ.reindex(columns = ['name', 'job', 'sal', 'report'])
data_employ_ri
Out[188]:
    name job     sal  report
0   Wang  VP   50000     NaN
1  Zhang  VP  150000     NaN
2     Li  IT   20000     NaN

深入pandas数据操纵

横向拼接——直接DataFrame

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pd.DataFrame([np.random.rand(2), np.random.rand(2), np.random.rand(2)], columns = ['C1', 'C2'])
Out[189]:
         C1        C2
0  0.495542  0.805998
1  0.877208  0.497127
2  0.563253  0.208177

横向拼接——concatenate

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pd.concat([data_employ_ri, data_employ_ri])
Out[190]:
    name job     sal  report
0   Wang  VP   50000     NaN
1  Zhang  VP  150000     NaN
2     Li  IT   20000     NaN
0   Wang  VP   50000     NaN
1  Zhang  VP  150000     NaN
2     Li  IT   20000     NaN

纵向拼接——merge

根据数据列关联：使用on关键字

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pd.merge(data_employ_ri, data_employ_ri, on = 'name')
Out[192]:
    name job_x   sal_x  report_x job_y   sal_y  report_y
0   Wang    VP   50000       NaN    VP   50000       NaN
1  Zhang    VP  150000       NaN    VP  150000       NaN
2     Li    IT   20000       NaN    IT   20000       NaN

pd.merge(data_employ_ri, data_employ_ri, on = ['name', 'job'])
Out[193]:
    name job   sal_x  report_x   sal_y  report_y
0   Wang  VP   50000       NaN   50000       NaN
1  Zhang  VP  150000       NaN  150000       NaN
2     Li  IT   20000       NaN   20000       NaN

根据index关联：使用left_index和right_index

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data_employ_ri.index.name = 'index1'
pd.merge(data_employ_ri, data_employ_ri, left_index = True, right_index = True)
Out[196]:
       name_x job_x   sal_x  report_x name_y job_y   sal_y  report_y
index1                                                              
0        Wang    VP   50000       NaN   Wang    VP   50000       NaN
1       Zhang    VP  150000       NaN  Zhang    VP  150000       NaN
2          Li    IT   20000       NaN     Li    IT   20000       NaN

🏷️增加how关键字，并指定：

  • how = ‘inner’
  • how = ‘left’
  • how = ‘right’
  • how = ‘outer’
    结合how，可以看到merge基本再现了SQL应有的功能，并保持代码的整洁。

自定义函数映射

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dataNumPy32 = np.asarray([('Japan', 'Tokyo', 4000),('S.Korea', 'Seoul', 1300),('China', 'Beijing', 9100)])
df32 = pd.DataFrame(dataNumPy32, columns = ['nation', 'capital', 'gdp'])
df32
Out[204]:
    nation  capital   gdp
0    Japan    Tokyo  4000
1  S.Korea    Seoul  1300
2    China  Beijing  9100

map: 以相同的规则将一列数据作为一个映射，也就是进行相同函数的处理

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def gdp_factorize(v):
    fv = np.float64(v)
    if fv > 6000.0:
        return 'High'
    elif fv < 2000.0:
        return 'Low'
    else:
        return 'Medium'
df32['GDP_Level'] = df32['gdp'].map(gdp_factorize)
df32['nation'] = df32.nation.map(str.upper)
df32
Out[205]:
    nation  capital   gdp GDP_Level
0    JAPAN    Tokyo  4000    Medium
1  S.KOREA    Seoul  1300       Low
2    CHINA  Beijing  9100      High

排序

sort: 按一列或者多列的值进行行级排序
sort_index: 根据index里的取值进行排序，而且可以根据axis决定是重排行还是列

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dataNumPy33 = np.asarray([('Japan', 'Tokyo', 4000), ('S.Korea', 'Seoul', 1300), ('China', 'Beijing', 9100)])
df33 = pd.DataFrame(dataNumPy33, columns = ['nation', 'capital', 'gdp'])
df33
Out[208]:
    nation  capital   gdp
0    Japan    Tokyo  4000
1  S.Korea    Seoul  1300
2    China  Beijing  9100

df33.sort_values('gdp')
Out[209]:
    nation  capital   gdp
1  S.Korea    Seoul  1300
0    Japan    Tokyo  4000
2    China  Beijing  9100

df33.sort_values(['capital', 'nation'], ascending = False)
Out[210]:
    nation  capital   gdp
0    Japan    Tokyo  4000
1  S.Korea    Seoul  1300
2    China  Beijing  9100

df33.sort_values('gdp').sort_values(by = 'gdp', ascending = False)
Out[211]:
    nation  capital   gdp
2    China  Beijing  9100
0    Japan    Tokyo  4000
1  S.Korea    Seoul  1300

df33.sort_index(axis = 1, ascending = True)
Out[212]:
   capital   gdp   nation
0    Tokyo  4000    Japan
1    Seoul  1300  S.Korea
2  Beijing  9100    China

df33.rank()
Out[213]:
   nation  capital  gdp
0     2.0      3.0  2.0
1     3.0      2.0  1.0
2     1.0      1.0  3.0

df33.rank(ascending = False)
Out[214]:
   nation  capital  gdp
0     2.0      1.0  2.0
1     1.0      2.0  3.0
2     3.0      3.0  1.0

注意相同值的处理

  • method = ‘average’
  • method = ‘min’
  • method = ‘max’
  • method = ‘first’

缺失数据的处理:

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df34 = data_for_multi2.unstack()
df34
Out[222]:
       Col_1  Col_2  Col_3  Col_4
Row_2    0.0    NaN    NaN    NaN
Row_3    1.0    2.0    NaN    NaN
Row_4    3.0    4.0    5.0    NaN
Row_5    6.0    7.0    8.0    9.0

# 忽略缺失值
df34.mean(skipna = True)
Out[224]:
Col_1    2.500000
Col_2    4.333333
Col_3    6.500000
Col_4    9.000000
dtype: float64

df34.mean(skipna = False)
Out[225]:
Col_1    2.5
Col_2    NaN
Col_3    NaN
Col_4    NaN
dtype: float64

df34.fillna(0)
Out[226]:
       Col_1  Col_2  Col_3  Col_4
Row_2    0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0
Row_3    1.0    2.0    0.0    0.0
Row_4    3.0    4.0    5.0    0.0
Row_5    6.0    7.0    8.0    9.0

df34.fillna(0).mean(axis = 0, skipna = False)
Out[227]:
Col_1    2.50
Col_2    3.25
Col_3    3.25
Col_4    2.25
dtype: float64

df34.fillna(0).mean(axis = 1, skipna = False)
Out[228]:
Row_2    0.00
Row_3    0.75
Row_4    3.00
Row_5    7.50
dtype: float64

pandas的groupby

groupby 的功能类似于SQL的group by关键字:

Split-Apply-Combine

1. Split：就是按照规则分组
2. Apply：通过按照一定的agg函数来获得输入pd.Series返回一个值的效果
3. Combine：把结果搜集起来

pandas的groupby的灵活性：

1. 分组的关键字可以来自于index，也可以来自于真实的列数据
2. 分组的规则可以通过一列或者多列

分组的具体逻辑

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irisdata_group = irisdata.groupby('class')
irisdata_group
Out[230]: <pandas.core.groupby.DataFrameGroupBy object at 0x116c6a898>
for level, subsetDF in irisdata_group:
    print(level)
    print(subsetDF)
Iris-setosa
    sepal_length  sepal_width  petal_length  petal_width        class
0            5.1          3.5           1.4          0.2  Iris-setosa
···
48           5.3          3.7           1.5          0.2  Iris-setosa
49           5.0          3.3           1.4          0.2  Iris-setosa
Iris-versicolor
    sepal_length  sepal_width  petal_length  petal_width            class
50           7.0          3.2           4.7          1.4  Iris-versicolor
···
98           5.1          2.5           3.0          1.1  Iris-versicolor
99           5.7          2.8           4.1          1.3  Iris-versicolor
Iris-virginica
     sepal_length  sepal_width  petal_length  petal_width           class
100           6.3          3.3           6.0          2.5  Iris-virginica
···
148           6.2          3.4           5.4          2.3  Iris-virginica
149           5.9          3.0           5.1          1.8  Iris-virginica

分组可以快速实现MapReduce的逻辑

Map: 指定分组的列标签，不同的值就会被分到不同的组进行处理
Reduce：输入多个值，返回一个值，一般通过agg实现，agg能接受一个函数。

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irisdata.groupby('class').agg(lambda x:((x-x.mean())**3).sum()*len(x)/(len(x)-1)/(len(x)-2)/x.std()**3 if len(x) > 2 else None)
Out[232]:
                 sepal_length  sepal_width  petal_length  petal_width
class                                                                
Iris-setosa          0.120087     0.107053      0.071846     1.197243
Iris-versicolor      0.105378    -0.362845     -0.606508    -0.031180
Iris-virginica       0.118015     0.365949      0.549445    -0.129477

汇总之后的广播操作

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irisdata.groupby('class').transform('mean')
Out[233]:
     sepal_length  sepal_width  petal_length  petal_width
0           5.006        3.418         1.464        0.244
..            ...          ...           ...          ...
149         6.588        2.974         5.552        2.026
[150 rows x 4 columns]

pd.concat([irisdata, irisdata.groupby('class').transform('mean')], axis=1)
Out[234]:
     sepal_length  sepal_width  petal_length  petal_width           class  \
0             5.1          3.5           1.4          0.2     Iris-setosa   
..            ...          ...           ...          ...             ...   
149           5.9          3.0           5.1          1.8  Iris-virginica   
     sepal_length  sepal_width  petal_length  petal_width  
0           5.006        3.418         1.464        0.244  
..            ...          ...           ...          ...  
149         6.588        2.974         5.552        2.026  
[150 rows x 9 columns]

hierarchicalIndex（多列分组）后的数据透视表操作

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factor1 = np.random.randint(0, 3, 50)
factor2 = np.random.randint(0, 2, 50)
factor3 = np.random.randint(0, 3, 50)
values = np.random.randint(50)
hierindexDF = pd.DataFrame({'F1': factor1, 'F2': factor2, 'F3': factor3, 'F4': values})
hierindexDF
Out[240]:
    F1  F2  F3  F4
0    2   0   1   7
···
49   1   1   0   7

hierindexDF_gbsum = hierindexDF.groupby(['F1', 'F2', 'F3']).sum()

hierindexDF_gbsum
Out[242]:
          F4
F1 F2 F3    
0  0  0   21
      1   21
      2   42
   1  0    7
      1   21
      2   14
1  0  0    7
      1   21
      2   35
   1  0   21
      1    7
      2   35
2  0  0   14
      1   21
      2   14
   1  0    7
      1    7
      2   35

hierindexDF_gbsum.index
Out[243]:
MultiIndex(levels=[[0, 1, 2], [0, 1], [0, 1, 2]],
           labels=[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2], [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]],
           names=['F1', 'F2', 'F3'])

hierindexDF_gbsum.unstack(0)
Out[244]:
       F4        
F1      0   1   2
F2 F3            
0  0   21   7  14
   1   21  21  21
   2   42  35  14
1  0    7  21   7
   1   21   7   7
   2   14  35  35

hierindexDF_gbsum.unstack(1)
Out[245]:
       F4    
F2      0   1
F1 F3        
0  0   21   7
   1   21  21
   2   42  14
1  0    7  21
   1   21   7
   2   35  35
2  0   14   7
   1   21   7
   2   14  35

hierindexDF_gbsum.unstack([2, 0])
Out[246]:
    F4                                
F3   0   1   2   0   1   2   0   1   2
F1   0   0   0   1   1   1   2   2   2
F2                                    
0   21  21  42   7  21  35  14  21  14
1    7  21  14  21   7  35   7   7  35
hierindexDF_gbsum.unstack([2, 0]).stack([1, 2])
# Python

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我正在写一本开源书！
最近正在写一本开源书：Stata for Data Science，欢迎试读和反馈。

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